UNIVERSAL MOTORS IN MODERN ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, CONTROL, AND INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCEPages 30-47 Abstract
Universal motors have long been recognized as a practical and versatile class of electric machines, particularly in low- and medium-power applications requiring high starting torque, compact size, and operational flexibility. Their capability to operate on both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) supplies distinguishes them from most conventional motor types and has contributed to their extensive deployment in domestic appliances and portable industrial equipment. Despite these advantages, universal motors face increasing challenges related to efficiency, acoustic noise, electromagnetic interference, and maintenance requirements in modern electromechanical systems. This review presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of universal motors from a system-level perspective. The paper synthesizes existing literature to examine operating principles, design aspects, performance characteristics, efficiency limitations, control strategies, and industrial relevance. A structured review methodology is employed to identify current challenges, comparative advantages, and research gaps. The aim is to provide a consolidated reference for researchers and practitioners while outlining future research directions that may enhance performance and extend applicability.
Keywords:
Universal motor,
Electromechanical Systems,
Performance Analysis,
Efficiency,
Motor Control,
Power Applications.
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Ahmed A. Abd Eltwab 
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